Geological action refers to the process in which the composition of the Earth's crust, crustal structures, and surface features continuously change and form due to the influence of certain energies (external forces or internal forces). It can be divided into endogenic geological action and exogenic geological action. 

Endogenic geological action refers to geological processes caused by energy generated from the Earth's rotation, gravity, and the decay of radioactive elements, including tectonic movements, seismic activity, magmatic activity, and metamorphism.

Tectonic Movement

Mechanical movement of the lithospheric geological bodies caused by the Earth's internal forces, resulting in deformation and displacement. Tectonic movement is a mechanical process caused by the Earth's internal forces that leads to displacement and deformation of the crust and even the lithosphere, as well as the accretion and disappearance of the ocean floor, accompanied by seismic activities, magmatic activities, and metamorphism. Tectonic movement produces various geological structures such as folds and faults, causes changes in the contours of seas and lands, uplifts and subsidence of the crust, and the formation of mountains and ocean trenches. Tectonic movement plays a significant role in the process of crustal evolution.

Seismic action

Refers to the dynamic action on structures caused by ground movement, divided into horizontal seismic action and vertical seismic action.

Magmatic Activity

The entire geological process in which high-temperature molten magma occurs, develops, and evolves in the deep crust (up to the top of the upper mantle) until it cools and solidifies into rock. Magma deep in the crust has very high temperature and pressure. When faults occur in the crust due to tectonic movements, it can cause a local decrease in crustal pressure, causing magma to move towards the direction of lower pressure and occupy a certain space, or erupt onto the surface.

Metamorphism

The vast majority of metamorphism is closely related to the heat flow, tectonic stress, load pressure, and other factors within the Earth's interior during the process of crustal evolution, while a small portion is caused by meteorite impacts on the surface rocks of the Moon and the Earth. Metamorphism occurs while the rock essentially remains in a solid state.