The rock cycle refers to the continuous transformation and recycling of rocks at and beneath Earth’s surface driven by natural geological processes, analogous to the planet’s metabolic system that enables perpetual interconversion among the three major rock categories.
The crust and upper mantle above the asthenosphere are composed of minerals and rocks, and are called the Lithosphere. With an average thickness of about 100km, the thickness of lithosphere is uneven. The lithosphere is closely related to modern geophysics and geodynamics, and it is the most studied and detailed solid earth part in modern geosciences.
Exogenic geological process refers to the geological process taking solar radiant energy and sun and moon gravitational energy as energy, and caused by the atmospheric, wind, water, biological and other factors. Exogenic geological process includes weathering, denudation, transportation, sedimentation, consolidation diagenesis, and so on.
Geological processes are processes caused by continuous changes and formation of crustal components, crustal structures and landforms due to nature forces. Geological processes can be divided into endogenic processes and exogenic processes.
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Quartz is one of the most common, widely distributed, and important rock-forming minerals in nature. Its primary chemical composition is silicon dioxide (SiO₂), featuring stable chemical properties and a well-ordered crystal structure (trigonal system).
